Effects Of Minimum Wage In South Africa - 708 Words

Unemployment is a huge problem in South Africa. This has to do with many factors such as apartheid, poor infrastructure, etc. This all relates back to the minimum wage. Minimum wage, defined by Google, is the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement. This raises many questions such as: Is it fair to pay everyone the same minimum wage even though their jobs are different? Many people believe that the minimum wage should not exist and that people should get paid according to the work which they do. The minimum wage is a good law, I believe. A huge percentage of the labour force was paid an hourly wage equal to or below the minimum wage. Many people believe that workers should be paid according to the skills, time efficiency†¦show more content†¦This is why Government intervention was needed to help bring the lower socio-economic class of South Africa out of poverty and to give them more opportunities to better themselves. The fact is that most of the people in poverty within South Africa did not do this to themselves and were merely placed there as a result of a racially diverse old South Africa. This means that it is up to the Government to try give these people a better life. The minimum wage protects these people from being exploited for extremely cheap labour. Labour unions in South Africa have been formed to protect the rights of the workers and to ensure that the minimum wage law is being adhered to. The minimum wage does face a lot of criticism and judgement. Drastically increasing the minimum wage will cause many problems within the economy. It would place a lot of pressure on low skills and labour jobs. Businesses will face huge cost increases which would lead them to lay off workers or increase the prices of their products and services. The minimum wage is also seen as redundant as it serves no real purpose. It is a political ploy that allows people to believe that they are not being exploited for cheap labour however the minimum wage is still very low so anything just over the minimum wage is still a very poor amount to pay people. The minimum wageShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of National Minimum Wage On South Africa s Income Inequality Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact national minimum wage would have on South Africa’s income inequality should it be implemented. South Africa is still considered one of the countries which still consist of high income inequality. Economists argue that inequality is the most unavoidable part of the economic development and that it continues to increase in developing countries due to economic growth (Keeton, 2014). Inequality is a problem in countries such as South Africa, because it shifts the attention from bigger andRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage From A Microeconomic Perspective1640 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Minimum Wage from a Microeconomic Perspective Nathaniel Fishburne Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Introduction The first minimum wage law was implemented in New Zealand and Australia in the late 1900s. In 1940s, George J. Stigler founded the first standard model of minimum wage. The model predicts that the if â€Å"minimum wage system is set above equilibrium wage level, it would create unemployment because some previously employed workers will lose their jobs whileRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage From A Microeconomic Perspective1670 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects Of Minimum Wage From A Microeconomic Perspective Nathaniel Fishburne Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Introduction The first minimum wage law was implemented in New Zealand and Australia in the late 1900s. In 1940s, George J. Stigler founded the first standard model of minimum wage. The model predicts that the minimum wage system. It set above equilibrium wage level, would create unemployment because some previously employed labors lose their jobs while some find itRead MoreEffect of Minimum Wage on Demand and Supply2038 Words   |  9 Pages---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In order to safeguard specific workers in low-paid, susceptible employments the minimum wage policy had been implemented by the South African government to provide assurance to these workers of a basic subsistence income. In hindsight the government saw the wage ‘floor’ as a tool to efficiently support the working poor and eradicate their poverty while facilitating the rearrangement of income in an uneven society. In lightRead MoreAn Analysis of South African Economy1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe South African economy is second largest economy in Africa following Nigeria (which recently overtook South Africa according to the Economist) (Mail Guardian, 2014). From the early 2000s, Former President Thabo Mbeki promoted economic growth and foreign investment by relaxing labour laws, increasing the pace of privatisation, and reducing unnecessary governmental spending. His policies faced strong opposition from organised labour. From the mid 2000s, economic growth picked up significantly;Read MoreCodified Constitutions Are Not An Essential Element Of Democracy1614 Words   |  7 Pagesreform measures failed to get the agreement of Congress but also the raising of the minimum wage, immigration reform and greater environmental protection. The ability of special interest groups who pervert the democratic process for material gain are significant here. It was no coincidence that the vast lobbying resources of the NRA and US Chamber of Commerce helped block gun reform and the raising of the minimum wage. Therefore, codified constitutions create conditions which can be a constraint uponRead MoreThe State As Mean For Food Systems Change1436 Words   |  6 Pagesand rural family units (Ruel et al., 1998). Accordingly, nourishment uses can be as much as 60–80% of the aggregate wage of low-pay family units (Ruel et al., 1998). This means that most of the money low-income families earn from their minimum paying jobs goes to buying food. Unfortunately, with the rising inflation, they are only able to purchase a small amount of food. In South Africa, notwithstanding solid government duty to tending to advancement issues, there are indications of expanding sustenanceRead MoreEssay on African Americans in the Great Depression1210 Words   |  5 Pagesblack and white, none were spared. However, for America’s 12 million African Americans (Encyclopedia of Race and Racism) the Depression didn’t just start in 1929.(Africa to America: From the Middle Passage Through the 1930s) African Americans were a subjugated minority. Racism wasn’t only present in America, it was accepted by many. In the South, Democrats fought to keep African Americans under harsh segregation and oppressive laws. (Trotter, pg. 9) Efforts to relieve African Americans from their direRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1750 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst black President of South Africa. Referred to as the living embodiment of black liberation, Mandel a specifically fought against the government system of South Africa known as apartheid (Lacayo, Washington, Monroe, Simpson). Apartheid is an Afrikaan word meaning apartness and was a system of racial segregation for the South African people from 1948 until F.W. de Klerk became president in 1991. Although Nelson Mandela was both literally and metaphorically imprisoned by South Africa’s racist ideologiesRead MoreEffects of Alternative Trade Union Policy Submissions Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesSouth Africa is an emerging economy in the global market and like most third world countries it faces economic issues that entail unemployment, inflation and economic inequality that has been exacerbated by the apartheid regime. Using fiscal policy, government through the years has tried to address these key issues that affect the economy and the people of South Africa. Progress has been made but various trade unions have actively come against government policy more often than not de manding a more

Essay about Privacy on Social Networks - 2324 Words

This essay will discuss and critically analyse whether or not existing data protection laws protect the privacy of individuals whose personal information has been disclosed on social networking sites. Over the last decade social networking sites (SNS) have increased their popularity among the people. These SNS are mySpace, facebook, twitter, bebo etc. There are various reasons of people using these sites. However, majority of SNS users are those people who use these sites for social networking e.g. chatting with friends, sharing their interests etc. These SNS users do not only have data relating to them but also the data of third parties. Many of these users do not take care of other people’s personal information, for example, they†¦show more content†¦In this case many social networking sites like mySpace and facebook can exempt themselves from data protection directive as they are outside the European Union. Article 7 (a) of the data protection Directive 95/46/EC can also exempt these SNS from directive, Article 7(a) is that if the user has agreed his personal data relating to him can be processed then it can be processed by operators. SNS can use their privacy policy to get users consent to process their data. This is normally done by asking a user to agree with their terms and conditions. Which means a user of social networking site once agreed the terms and condition with the site while signing up for their service they give their consent to SNS to process their personal data. SNS user then cannot object if SNS shares their data with third parties as he has agreed with them to do so. Therefore, Social network users cannot rely on Article 7 (a) of the data protection directive 95/46/EC. It is not necessary that SNS will only depend on Article 7(a) of Directive 95/46/EC. They could sometime rely on Article 7(f) of the data protection directive in legitimate interest. The same reasons can be used by application providers regard to processing of personal data. Personal data is not only controlled and processed by social networking sites and applications provider. The definition of â€Å"Data controller† by article 2(d) isShow MoreRelatedPrivacy on Social Networks2362 Words   |  10 PagesPrivacy on Social Networks Tasdiq A. 11/4/2010 The privacy issues surrounding social networking sites are nothing new by any stretch of the imagination, but it seems that many people have mismatched expectations when it comes to privacy and social networks. Social Network Sites (SNS) are websites that allow users to upload information to a public profile, create a list of online friends, and browse the profiles of other users of the SNS. The websites have membership rules and community standardsRead MoreBSTRACT Social Networking sites are playing an important role in personal life as well as1300 Words   |  6 PagesBSTRACT Social Networking sites are playing an important role in personal life as well as business. A social networking site has become very popular for people to connect and share their interest with family and friends. Although the use of social networks is increasingly on the rise, many users are properly informed of the risks associated with using social networks. The risks as well as the security and privacy issues of social networks in business and public policy need to be evaluated and studiedRead MoreA Shared Responsibility For Online Privacy1243 Words   |  5 Pages A Shared Responsibility for Online Privacy There are some things in life people can control and things they cannot. 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In seeking to address the issue of privacy comprehensively, this text will largely limit itself to Facebook. Privacy Issues on Facebook Over time, various technological innovations have presented both challenges and opportunities for organizations/companiesRead MoreHow Privacy And User Control Within A World Of Big Web Data1551 Words   |  7 PagesA Proposal on: How to Preserve Privacy and User Control in a world of Big web Data Background to the study Over the past few years, the volume of data collected and stored by business and government organizations has exploded. This data are refer to as â€Å"big data†, as it is an evolving term that describes any voluminous amount of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data that has the potential to be mined for information. 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Concise Australian Commercial Law - Solution Guideline

Question: Using the Common Law of Agency, advice Paratol Ltd on their legal position? Answer: Issues According to the scenario of the case, the Australian based pharmaceutical wholesaler PharmCo negotiated a distribution agreement with Paratol Ltd in the month of January 2015 in keeping with which Paratol was required to release a large stock of painkillers for distribution to PharmCo for a valuation of $2,00,000. The company was given a grace period of six months to pay off the amount. The major issue that was identified in the case was related with providing of guarantee letter from the asset manager in order to ensure that if default is made by PharmCo, liquidating its assets would amount to $2,00,000. The guarantee was signed by the Processing and Payment Department of Goldman Asset Management (GAM), which manages the complex finances of PharmCo. After it was received by Paratol Ltd, it commenced its delivery of stock to PharmaCo. However, PharmCo defaulted on the payment on December 2015 due to its insolvency and the company was found to be operating under huge loss since the p ast eight months. In this context, Paratol Ltd claimed its debts against GAM that did not accept the liability of paying off the same. It stated that the Guarantee and Valuation Department is responsible for signing the guarantee rather than the Processing and Payment Department. Furthermore, the manager also claimed that the document was signed by GAM for verifying the signature of PharmCo but not to ensure its liquidity and accept its guarantee. There was no such information mentioned in the guarantee document regarding the acceptability of guarantee that through which GAM would be held liable. In practice, the signature of the manager was for verifying the signature of PharmCo for limited purpose that was unknown by both the companies. Rules Analyzing the case scenario, it is revealed that there is an applicability of common law of agency that will help in advising Patrol Ltd on their legal position. The law of agency completely deals with contractual, non-contractual and quasi-contractual fiduciary relationships involving an individual known as agent[1]. The individual is generally given the authority to take action on behalf of a party for the purpose of creating legal relationships with a third party. The law represents equal relationships between an agent and principal through which the principal implicitly or explicitly provides authorization to the agent to work on behalf of him/her[2]. The agents are required to negotiate with the third parties on the principals behalf for entering into a contractual relationship[3]. The common law of agency in Australia comes under Victorian Legislation and the Agents Act 2003[4]. The law further states that the liabilities and reciprocal rights between an agent and principal ref lect legal and commercial realities. The law categorizes agents into three different classes that include universal agents, general agents and special agents. Universal agents possess the authority to perform on behalf of the principal and they may also have professional relationships or hold power of attorney[5]. General agents possess limited authority for conducting transactions for a continuous time period and finally the special agents possess the authority for conducting specified or single transaction over a limited time period[6]. There are various statutes formulated by the Australian government that generally regulate the activities of the agents and these include: Auctioneers: Auction Sales Act 1958 (Victoria); Estate agents: Estate Agents Act 1980 (Victoria); Finance brokers: Consumer Credit (Victoria) Act 1995 (Victoria); Travel agents: Travel Agents Act 1986 (Victoria); Mercantile agents: Goods Act 1958 (Victoria); and Insurance agents: Instruments Act 1958 (Victoria), Credit Act 1984 (Victoria) The law also demonstrates the liability of agents to the third parties and principal and the liability of principal to the agent. In context to liability of agent to third party, if the agent possesses apparent or actual authority, the agent will not be liable for the acts being performed within the authoritys scope until the disclosure of principals and agencys identity[7]. In case the agency is partially disclosed or not disclosed at all, the principal and the agents both will be held liable. Similarly, with regard to the liability of agent to principal, if the actions of agent are without actual authority and the principal is bound because of possessing apparent authority, it is the liability of agent in indemnifying the principal for damage or loss occurred[8]. However, in context to the liability of principal to the agent, if the actions of the agent are within the range of provided authority, the agent must be indemnified by the principal for transactions made. The law of agency can be demonstrated with the help of a popular case, [Tooth v Laws (1888) 9 LR (NSW) 154]. According to the case, Laws (principal) held the position of hotel licensee who kept his name over the hotel door even though he did not possess any interest in the business. The agents who were conducting the business were supplied liquor by a third party, Tooth Co. that took legal actions for the cost of liquor. As Tooth Co. was not provided with the information that Laws was not conducing the business, he could not deny that the individuals who were conducting the business were acting as his agents. Thus, Laws was held liable for the particular action[9]. According to the law, the apparent authority may not be considered more important than the actual authority as at a majority of the circumstances the third party remains unaware of the agents actual authority. The similar incident can be demonstrated through the case of [Pacific Carriers Limited v BNP Paribas (2004) HCA 35] in which BNP Paribas was held responsible for the loss caused to Pacific Carriers Ltd due to arresting of their vessel for not providing relevant bills against the indemnity letters[10]. The Law of Agency also states that the agent possesses the authority to act for the principle only after having the actual authority to do so. This can be demonstrated through the case [Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480], in which Buckhurst Park Properties was held responsible for the damage caused to the opponent party[11]. The third parties are usually unaware of the agreements between the principle and the agent, thus they are also unaware of the agents actual authority that can be demonstrated through the case [Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct mail Advertising and addressing co pty ltd][12]. Application Application of the above stated rules in relation to the particular case scenario would serve beneficial for Paratol Ltd as an effective advice on its legal position that will further help in resolving the identified issues. Applying the common law of agency in the case scenario, GAM would not be held responsible for the failure to repay the credit amount to Paratol Ltd rather PharmCo is liable to pay off its debts to the company. GAM signed the letter of guarantee at the authority of PharmCo in which the company was considered to possess enough liquid amounts to pay of the debts if any default is made. According to the Law of Agency Act, the agent is not held liable for performing any type of acts under the authority of the principal rather the principal would be held responsible for the act. The law is only applicable if the name of the principal and the agents both are disclosed to the third party. It is advisable to Paratol Ltd to claim the due amount from PharmCo even though it has become insolvent. The company may make use of the reserves or the personal savings/current accounts of the business partners of PharmCo in order to pay off the debt of Paratol Ltd. Furthermore, the manager of GAM also claimed that she did not sign the guarantee for ensuring the liquidity of the company rather the signature was for the verification of PharmCos signature. Paratol Ltd is thus advised to act legally against PharmCo to recover the debt amount that was due as a result of insolvency. A similar scenario can be found in the case of [Watteau v Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346] in which the principal was held responsible for all the acts that were conducted by its agent as regards to the third party involved in the agreement[13]. Conclusion From the overall case scenario, it is evident that the Paratol Ltd is advised to claim the credit amount of $2,000,000 from PharmaCo itself rather than considering GAM liable for the loss being suffered due to the insolvency of PharmaCo. GAM was the agent who was given the authority to act on behalf of PharmaCo and the law considers the principal as liable of any damages or defaults made in the contract. Thus, according to the law the agent is not responsible for any type damages caused to the third party of the contract if it is given complete authority by the principal company to act on its behalf. References Australia, Fox Williams, Last modified June 10, 2016, Anson, William Reynell, Jack Beatson, Andrew S. Burrows, and John Cartwright. Anson's Law of Contract. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2010. Anyanwu, Chika. "Challenges to privacy law in the age of social media: An Australian perspective." Australian Journal of Communication 40, no. 3 (2013): 121. Barton, Charmian. "Status of the Precautionary Principle in Australia: Its Emergence in Legislation and as a Common Law Doctrine, The." Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 22 (1998): 509. Braithwaite, John, John Walker, and Peter Grabosky. "An enforcement taxonomy of regulatory agencies." Law Policy 9, no. 3 (1987): 323-351. Cheer, Ursula. "How the law attempts to deal with hoaxes and pranks in the media that lead to harm." Findlaw (2012): 21-48. Donaldson, Lex, and James H. Davis. "Stewardship theory or agency theory: CEO governance and shareholder returns." Australian Journal of management 16, no. 1 (1991): 49-64. Eisenberg, Melvin Aron. "The responsive model of contract law." Stanford Law Review (1984): 1107-1167. Freeman Lockyer -V- Buckhurst Park Properties. First Mag. Last modified June 23, 2016, Granville, Johanna. "Dot. con: the dangers of cyber crime and a call for proactive solutions." Hawkins, Keith. Law as last resort: Prosecution decision-making in a regulatory agency. United States: Oxford University Press on Demand, 2002. King Edward, V. I. I. "Prank call with tragic consequence." LAMP (2013): 31. Mulheron, Rachael. The class action in common law legal systems: a comparative perspective. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004. Paul, Simone, Peter K. Smith, and Herbert H. Blumberg. "Investigating legal aspects of cyberbullying." Psicothema 24, no. 4 (2012): 640-645. Pacific Carriers v. BNP Paribas. Clark, David Martin. Last modified June 23, 2016, Turner, Clive, John Trone, and Roger Gamble. Concise Australian Commercial Law 3rd edition. United States: Thomson Reuters, 2014.

My Paper Is Based On A Disability That Many Americans And I Have, Hear

My paper is based on a disability that many Americans and I have, hearing loss. The nature, causality, assessment, prevention, accommodation, and my personal reflection of the hearing loss will be discussed in my paper. I. Nature of the Exceptionally: According to Gallaudet University, approximately 1 of every 1,000 infants is born deaf while 6 of every 1,000 are born with some degree of hearing loss. Permanent hearing loss at birth annually affects 24,000 infants in the USA. In other words, 6 infants per 1,000 will have a hearing loss in a least one ear that will affect communication, cognition, and educational development. Twenty to thirty percent of hearing loss in children occurs during infancy and early childhood. Some will suffer hearing loss in one ear or possibly both. There are different types of hearing loss. A conductive hearing loss occurs in the middle ear. This is where three small bones involved in hearing are located. A hearing loss that occurs in this part of the ear is usually temporary. A chronic or recurrent ear infections may cause a hearing loss in the middle ear. There are cases where there is a malformation in this area that can be improved or corrected through surgery. There are occasions when a problem in the middle ear can not be corrected. A sensori-neural hearing loss occurs in the middle ear and indicates that there is nerve damage. This type of loss is not reversible. In summary, there are different natures of hearing loss some that can be corrected or others that are irreversible. II. Etiology/Causality: Parents sometimes ask "Why did this happen to my child?" In some cases, the cause of a child's hearing loss may be easy to trace. There may be a family history of deafness, a congenital condition, an illness, an accident, a prescribed medication, etc., that may obviously be cause of the hearing loss. In many cases, there may be no obvious reason for the hearing loss. Parents must come to understand that they may likely never know the cause of this hearing loss. In my case, Meningitis was the cause of my hearing loss. When I was one year old, I was not responding to my parent's calls. They took me to the hospital to get tested and found that I had Meningitis. III. Assessment Many birthing facilities in our country have currently adopted the "Universal Testing" of all infants for hearing loss. The two most frequently used measures for testing infants are the ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response) and Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE's). Both measures can be made on an infant while he or she is sleeping and requires no response from the child. The ABR monitors brain activity. It looks specifically, however, the activity that happens in response to sound. OAE's are a quick, non-invasive probe measure that determines cochlear, or inner ear, function. The importance of early childhood development is critical for a child with a hearing loss. Early diagnosis and intervention of hearing loss can mean the difference between toddlers entering school with severe language and concept delays versus children with age appropriate language and concept development. Early hearing screening paves the way for children to be able to begin life on an equal footing with their hearing pee rs. Recent research at Gallaudet University indicates that children whose hearing losses are identified in the first 6 months of life, and who receive intervention services, developed language within the normal range. IV. Prevention/Remediation/Accommodation: The law mandates that public schools are responsible for providing an "appropriate education" within the child's neighborhood school. School districts are required to educate students the least restrictive environment with the related services necessary to allow for their success. Some counties/states will have what is called "cluster programs." This is when classes for the deaf or hard of hearing are located in specific schools. Students can be in an environment with a teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing and deaf and hard of hearing peers but also be in a regular school setting. Another options for family is a school for the deaf. Most schools for the deaf now offer different communication options from which a family can choose. Schools must take "language and communication needs, opportunities for direct communications with